fleshout backend

AGENTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# AGENTS.md
+
+Skeleton monorepo for React + .NET projects. Clone it, then replace the placeholder
+`User` domain with the real one.
+
+## Layout
+
+```
+backend/    ASP.NET Core Web API (net10.0)
+frontend/   Vite + React + TypeScript SPA
+```
+
+## Running
+
+| Stack | Command | URL |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Backend | `cd backend && dotnet run` | `http://localhost:5231` |
+| Frontend | `cd frontend && npm install && npm run dev` | `http://localhost:3000` |
+
+Start them in separate terminals. Allowed CORS origins live in `backend/appsettings.json`
+under `Cors:AllowedOrigins`.
+
+## Verifying changes
+
+Run these before considering a change done:
+
+```bash
+cd backend && dotnet build
+cd frontend && npm run build && npm run lint
+```
+
+## Backend conventions
+
+- `ImplicitUsings` is enabled. Do not re-import `Microsoft.AspNetCore.*`,
+  `Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection`, `System.Linq`, and friends.
+- Use file-scoped namespaces (`namespace Backend.Data;`).
+- Repository methods are async, suffixed `Async`, and take a `CancellationToken`.
+- Read configuration through the options pattern (`IOptions<T>` + `Configure<T>`),
+  not `Configuration["Some:Key"]`.
+- Controllers stay thin: validate, delegate to a repository or service, map the result
+  to an `IActionResult`. No data access in controllers.
+- Route templates use `ApiRoutes.V1` rather than a hardcoded `"v1"` string.
+- Cross-cutting pipeline concerns (CORS, rate limiting) belong in `backend/Gateway/`
+  and are wired through `AddApiGateway` / `UseApiGateway`, not inline in `Program.cs`.
+- Persistence implementations register through `AddPersistence`, selected by the
+  `Persistence:Provider` setting. Swapping in EF Core or another store should not
+  require touching controllers.
+
+## Frontend conventions
+
+- All HTTP goes through `src/api/`. Components never call `fetch` directly.
+- Configuration comes from `VITE_*` environment variables; `VITE_API_BASE_URL` points
+  at the backend. Add new variables to `.env.example` and to the `ImportMetaEnv`
+  interface in `src/vite-env.d.ts`.
+- TypeScript is strict and unused locals are errors. The build runs `tsc -b` before Vite.
+
+## Endpoints
+
+| Method | Path | Purpose |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| GET | `/health` | Liveness check, unversioned for infrastructure |
+| GET | `/v1/info` | App name, version, environment, server timestamp |
+| GET | `/v1/users` | List users |
+| GET | `/v1/users/{id}` | Fetch one user |
+| POST | `/v1/users` | Create a user |
+| PUT | `/v1/users/{id}` | Replace a user |
+| DELETE | `/v1/users/{id}` | Delete a user |
+
+Sample requests live in `backend/backend.http`.
+
+## Not included on purpose
+
+Authentication, a real database provider, tests, Docker, and structured logging are all
+left out. Add them when the project has requirements that justify a specific choice.

README.md

@@ -23,8 +23,16 @@ The API runs at `http://localhost:5231`. Swagger UI is available in Development
 
 Skeleton endpoints:
 
-- `GET /health` — liveness check
+- `GET /health` — liveness check, exempt from rate limiting
 - `GET /v1/info` — app name, version, environment, and server timestamp
+- `GET|POST /v1/users`, `GET|PUT|DELETE /v1/users/{id}` — placeholder CRUD over the
+  in-memory repository
+
+Requests are rate limited per client IP using the `RateLimiting` section of
+`appsettings.json`, and allowed CORS origins come from the `Cors` section. Storage is
+selected by `Persistence:Provider`, which currently supports `InMemory` only; data is
+lost on restart until a real provider is registered in
+`backend/Data/PersistenceServiceCollectionExtensions.cs`.
 
 ## Frontend
 
@@ -46,7 +54,7 @@ VITE_API_BASE_URL=http://localhost:5231
 
 ## Running both
 
-Start the backend and frontend in separate terminals. The backend CORS policy allows requests from `http://localhost:3000`.
+Start the backend and frontend in separate terminals. The backend CORS policy allows requests from `http://localhost:3000` by default; change `Cors:AllowedOrigins` in `backend/appsettings.json` to add more.
 
 ## Project structure
 

backend/Controllers/InfoController.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+using Backend.Gateway;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
 
 namespace Backend.Controllers;
 
-[Route("v1/[controller]")]
 [ApiController]
-public class InfoController : ControllerBase
+[Route(ApiRoutes.V1 + "/[controller]")]
+public sealed class InfoController : ControllerBase
 {
     private readonly IWebHostEnvironment _environment;
 

backend/Controllers/UserController.cs

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
-using Backend.Data;
-
-namespace Backend.Controllers
-{
-    [Route("v1/[controller]")]
-    [ApiController]
-    public class UserController : ControllerBase
-    {
-        private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
-
-        public UserController(IUserRepository userRepository)
-        {
-            _userRepository = userRepository;
-        }
-    }
-}

backend/Controllers/UserRequests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+
+namespace Backend.Controllers;
+
+// Validation attributes must target the primary constructor parameters, not the
+// generated properties; MVC rejects record types with property-level metadata.
+public sealed record CreateUserRequest(
+    [Required][EmailAddress] string Email,
+    [Required][StringLength(100, MinimumLength = 1)] string DisplayName);
+
+public sealed record UpdateUserRequest(
+    [Required][EmailAddress] string Email,
+    [Required][StringLength(100, MinimumLength = 1)] string DisplayName);

backend/Controllers/UsersController.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+using Backend.Data;
+using Backend.Gateway;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+
+namespace Backend.Controllers;
+
+[ApiController]
+[Route(ApiRoutes.V1 + "/[controller]")]
+public sealed class UsersController : ControllerBase
+{
+    private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
+
+    public UsersController(IUserRepository userRepository)
+    {
+        _userRepository = userRepository;
+    }
+
+    [HttpGet]
+    [ProducesResponseType<IReadOnlyList<User>>(StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> GetAll(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        => Ok(await _userRepository.GetAllAsync(cancellationToken));
+
+    [HttpGet("{id:guid}")]
+    [ProducesResponseType<User>(StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> GetById(Guid id, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var user = await _userRepository.GetByIdAsync(id, cancellationToken);
+
+        return user is null ? NotFound() : Ok(user);
+    }
+
+    [HttpPost]
+    [ProducesResponseType<User>(StatusCodes.Status201Created)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status409Conflict)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> Create(
+        CreateUserRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (await _userRepository.GetByEmailAsync(request.Email, cancellationToken) is not null)
+        {
+            return Conflict(new ProblemDetails
+            {
+                Title = "Email already in use",
+                Status = StatusCodes.Status409Conflict,
+            });
+        }
+
+        var user = await _userRepository.AddAsync(
+            new User { Email = request.Email, DisplayName = request.DisplayName },
+            cancellationToken);
+
+        return CreatedAtAction(nameof(GetById), new { id = user.Id }, user);
+    }
+
+    [HttpPut("{id:guid}")]
+    [ProducesResponseType<User>(StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status409Conflict)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> Update(
+        Guid id,
+        UpdateUserRequest request,
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        var existing = await _userRepository.GetByIdAsync(id, cancellationToken);
+
+        if (existing is null)
+        {
+            return NotFound();
+        }
+
+        var emailOwner = await _userRepository.GetByEmailAsync(request.Email, cancellationToken);
+
+        if (emailOwner is not null && emailOwner.Id != id)
+        {
+            return Conflict(new ProblemDetails
+            {
+                Title = "Email already in use",
+                Status = StatusCodes.Status409Conflict,
+            });
+        }
+
+        existing.Email = request.Email;
+        existing.DisplayName = request.DisplayName;
+
+        var updated = await _userRepository.UpdateAsync(existing, cancellationToken);
+
+        return updated is null ? NotFound() : Ok(updated);
+    }
+
+    [HttpDelete("{id:guid}")]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status204NoContent)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> Delete(Guid id, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        => await _userRepository.DeleteAsync(id, cancellationToken) ? NoContent() : NotFound();
+}

backend/Data/IUserRepository.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,22 @@
 namespace Backend.Data;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Storage-agnostic access to <see cref="User"/>. Implementations are selected by the
+/// <c>Persistence:Provider</c> setting; see <see cref="PersistenceServiceCollectionExtensions"/>.
+/// </summary>
 public interface IUserRepository
 {
+    Task<IReadOnlyList<User>> GetAllAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
+
+    Task<User?> GetByIdAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
+
+    Task<User?> GetByEmailAsync(string email, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
+
+    Task<User> AddAsync(User user, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
+
+    /// <returns>The updated user, or <c>null</c> when no user has the given id.</returns>
+    Task<User?> UpdateAsync(User user, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
+
+    /// <returns><c>true</c> when a user was removed.</returns>
+    Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
 }

backend/Data/InMemory/InMemoryUserRepository.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+
+namespace Backend.Data.InMemory;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Default implementation so the skeleton runs with no database. State is per-process
+/// and lost on restart.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class InMemoryUserRepository : IUserRepository
+{
+    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, User> _users = new();
+
+    public Task<IReadOnlyList<User>> GetAllAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        IReadOnlyList<User> users = _users.Values
+            .OrderBy(user => user.CreatedAt)
+            .ToList();
+
+        return Task.FromResult(users);
+    }
+
+    public Task<User?> GetByIdAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        _users.TryGetValue(id, out var user);
+
+        return Task.FromResult(user);
+    }
+
+    public Task<User?> GetByEmailAsync(string email, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        var user = _users.Values
+            .FirstOrDefault(candidate => string.Equals(candidate.Email, email, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+        return Task.FromResult(user);
+    }
+
+    public Task<User> AddAsync(User user, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        _users[user.Id] = user;
+
+        return Task.FromResult(user);
+    }
+
+    public Task<User?> UpdateAsync(User user, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+    {
+        if (!_users.ContainsKey(user.Id))
+        {
+            return Task.FromResult<User?>(null);
+        }
+
+        _users[user.Id] = user;
+
+        return Task.FromResult<User?>(user);
+    }
+
+    public Task<bool> DeleteAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+        => Task.FromResult(_users.TryRemove(id, out _));
+}

backend/Data/PersistenceOptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+namespace Backend.Data;
+
+public sealed class PersistenceOptions
+{
+    public const string SectionName = "Persistence";
+
+    public string Provider { get; set; } = PersistenceProviders.InMemory;
+}
+
+public static class PersistenceProviders
+{
+    public const string InMemory = "InMemory";
+}

backend/Data/PersistenceServiceCollectionExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using Backend.Data.InMemory;
+
+namespace Backend.Data;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Single place where a storage backend is chosen. To add a real database, implement
+/// <see cref="IUserRepository"/> and register it under a new provider name here;
+/// controllers stay untouched.
+/// </summary>
+public static class PersistenceServiceCollectionExtensions
+{
+    public static IServiceCollection AddPersistence(
+        this IServiceCollection services,
+        IConfiguration configuration)
+    {
+        services.Configure<PersistenceOptions>(configuration.GetSection(PersistenceOptions.SectionName));
+
+        var provider = configuration.GetSection(PersistenceOptions.SectionName).Get<PersistenceOptions>()?.Provider
+            ?? PersistenceProviders.InMemory;
+
+        switch (provider)
+        {
+            case PersistenceProviders.InMemory:
+                // Singleton because the store itself holds the data.
+                services.AddSingleton<IUserRepository, InMemoryUserRepository>();
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                    $"Unknown persistence provider '{provider}'. Supported providers: " +
+                    $"'{PersistenceProviders.InMemory}'. Register additional providers in " +
+                    $"{nameof(PersistenceServiceCollectionExtensions)}.");
+        }
+
+        return services;
+    }
+}

backend/Data/User.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+namespace Backend.Data;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Placeholder domain entity. Replace with the real model once the project has one.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class User
+{
+    public Guid Id { get; init; } = Guid.NewGuid();
+
+    public required string Email { get; set; }
+
+    public required string DisplayName { get; set; }
+
+    public DateTime CreatedAt { get; init; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
+}

backend/Gateway/ApiRoutes.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Backend.Gateway;
+
+public static class ApiRoutes
+{
+    public const string V1 = "v1";
+
+    public const string Health = "/health";
+}

backend/Gateway/GatewayApplicationBuilderExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace Backend.Gateway;
+
+public static class GatewayApplicationBuilderExtensions
+{
+    // CORS must run before the rate limiter so that rejected requests still carry
+    // the headers the browser needs to surface a 429 to the client.
+    public static IApplicationBuilder UseApiGateway(this IApplicationBuilder app)
+    {
+        app.UseCors(GatewayServiceCollectionExtensions.CorsPolicyName);
+        app.UseRateLimiter();
+
+        return app;
+    }
+}

backend/Gateway/GatewayOptions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+namespace Backend.Gateway;
+
+public sealed class CorsOptions
+{
+    public const string SectionName = "Cors";
+
+    public string[] AllowedOrigins { get; set; } = [];
+}
+
+public sealed class RateLimitOptions
+{
+    public const string SectionName = "RateLimiting";
+
+    public int PermitLimit { get; set; } = 100;
+
+    public int WindowSeconds { get; set; } = 60;
+
+    public int QueueLimit { get; set; }
+}

backend/Gateway/GatewayServiceCollectionExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
+
+namespace Backend.Gateway;
+
+public static class GatewayServiceCollectionExtensions
+{
+    public const string CorsPolicyName = "DefaultCorsPolicy";
+
+    public static IServiceCollection AddApiGateway(
+        this IServiceCollection services,
+        IConfiguration configuration)
+    {
+        services.Configure<CorsOptions>(configuration.GetSection(CorsOptions.SectionName));
+        services.Configure<RateLimitOptions>(configuration.GetSection(RateLimitOptions.SectionName));
+
+        var corsSettings = configuration.GetSection(CorsOptions.SectionName).Get<CorsOptions>()
+            ?? new CorsOptions();
+        var rateLimitSettings = configuration.GetSection(RateLimitOptions.SectionName).Get<RateLimitOptions>()
+            ?? new RateLimitOptions();
+
+        services.AddCors(options => options.AddPolicy(CorsPolicyName, policy =>
+        {
+            if (corsSettings.AllowedOrigins.Length == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            policy.WithOrigins(corsSettings.AllowedOrigins)
+                .AllowAnyHeader()
+                .AllowAnyMethod();
+        }));
+
+        services.AddRateLimiter(options =>
+        {
+            options.RejectionStatusCode = StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests;
+            options.GlobalLimiter = CreateGlobalLimiter(rateLimitSettings);
+        });
+
+        services.Configure<RouteOptions>(options => options.LowercaseUrls = true);
+
+        return services;
+    }
+
+    // Health checks are exempt so that infrastructure probes are never throttled.
+    private static PartitionedRateLimiter<HttpContext> CreateGlobalLimiter(RateLimitOptions settings) =>
+        PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(context =>
+        {
+            if (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments(ApiRoutes.Health))
+            {
+                return RateLimitPartition.GetNoLimiter("health");
+            }
+
+            var partitionKey = context.Connection.RemoteIpAddress?.ToString() ?? "unknown";
+
+            return RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter(partitionKey, _ => new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
+            {
+                PermitLimit = settings.PermitLimit,
+                Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(settings.WindowSeconds),
+                QueueLimit = settings.QueueLimit,
+                QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst,
+            });
+        });
+}

backend/Program.cs

@@ -1,42 +1,35 @@
 using System.Text.Json;
+using Backend.Data;
+using Backend.Gateway;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Diagnostics.HealthChecks;
-using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
-using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
-using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
-using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Diagnostics.HealthChecks;
-// using Backend.Data
+
 var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
 
 builder.Services.AddControllers();
 builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();
 builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen();
 builder.Services.AddHealthChecks();
+builder.Services.AddProblemDetails();
 
-builder.Services.AddCors();
+builder.Services.AddApiGateway(builder.Configuration);
-
+builder.Services.AddPersistence(builder.Configuration);
-//builder.Services.AddDbContext<UserContext>(options =>
-//   options.UseSqlite(builder.Configuration["ConnectionStrings:UserConnection"])
-//);
-
-//builder.Services.AddScoped<IBowlingLeagueRepository, EFBowlingLeagueRepository>(); 
 
 var app = builder.Build();
 
-// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.
+app.UseExceptionHandler();
+
 if (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
 {
     app.UseSwagger();
     app.UseSwaggerUI();
 }
 
-app.UseCors(p => p.WithOrigins("http://localhost:3000"));
-
 app.UseHttpsRedirection();
 
-app.UseAuthorization();
+app.UseApiGateway();
 
-app.MapHealthChecks("/health", new HealthCheckOptions
+app.MapHealthChecks(ApiRoutes.Health, new HealthCheckOptions
 {
     ResponseWriter = async (context, report) =>
     {
@@ -51,4 +44,4 @@ app.MapHealthChecks("/health", new HealthCheckOptions
 
 app.MapControllers();
 
-app.Run();
+app.Run();

backend/appsettings.json

@@ -6,7 +6,17 @@
         }
     },
     "AllowedHosts": "*",
-    "ConnectionStrings": {
+    "Cors": {
-        "BowlingLeagueConnection": "Data Source=BowlingLeague.sqlite"
+        "AllowedOrigins": [
+            "http://localhost:3000"
+        ]
+    },
+    "RateLimiting": {
+        "PermitLimit": 100,
+        "WindowSeconds": 60,
+        "QueueLimit": 0
+    },
+    "Persistence": {
+        "Provider": "InMemory"
     }
-}
+}

backend/backend.csproj

@@ -7,16 +7,6 @@
     </PropertyGroup>
 
     <ItemGroup>
-        <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" Version="8.0.2" />
-        <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design" Version="8.0.2">
-            <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
-            <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
-        </PackageReference>
-        <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Sqlite" Version="8.0.2" />
-        <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools" Version="8.0.2">
-            <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
-            <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
-        </PackageReference>
         <PackageReference Include="Swashbuckle.AspNetCore" Version="6.4.0" />
     </ItemGroup>
 

backend/backend.http

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 @Backend_HostAddress = http://localhost:5231
+@UserId = 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
 
 GET {{Backend_HostAddress}}/health
 Accept: application/json
@@ -9,3 +10,37 @@ GET {{Backend_HostAddress}}/v1/info
 Accept: application/json
 
 ###
+
+GET {{Backend_HostAddress}}/v1/users
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+
+POST {{Backend_HostAddress}}/v1/users
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "email": "ada@example.com",
+  "displayName": "Ada Lovelace"
+}
+
+###
+
+GET {{Backend_HostAddress}}/v1/users/{{UserId}}
+Accept: application/json
+
+###
+
+PUT {{Backend_HostAddress}}/v1/users/{{UserId}}
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "email": "ada@example.com",
+  "displayName": "Ada King"
+}
+
+###
+
+DELETE {{Backend_HostAddress}}/v1/users/{{UserId}}
+
+###