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@@ -71,14 +71,6 @@ Archetypical cosine scores range from -1 to 1.
0: Vectors are at a 90-degree angle (orthogonal/unrelated).
-1: Vectors point in opposite directions.
## Beyond Pure Cosine Similarity
In 2025, V.S. Raghu Parupudi proposed two metrics: Overlap Similarity (OS) and Hyperbolic Tangent Similarity (HTS) as “more robust normalization schemes, [to] capture [holistic semantic similarity more effectively than traditional methods.” Parupudi, V. S. R. (2025). Magnitude Matters: a Superior Class of Similarity Metrics for Holistic Semantic Understanding. arXiv:2509.19323.
Parupudi concluded that “for a wide range of… NLP applications… paraphrase detection, semantic search, and inference - practitioners can achieve… performance improvement by replacing Cosine Similarity with Overlap Similarity or Hyperbolic Tangent Similarity.”
Both OS and HTS attempt to introduce, to varying degrees (and with varying efficacy) 1) relational normalization 2) numerical-stability improvement within a bounded range and 3) outlier suppression.
## Design
Two-package monorepo: