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@@ -71,14 +71,6 @@ Archetypical cosine scores range from -1 to 1.
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0: Vectors are at a 90-degree angle (orthogonal/unrelated).
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-1: Vectors point in opposite directions.
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## Beyond Pure Cosine Similarity
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In 2025, V.S. Raghu Parupudi proposed two metrics: Overlap Similarity (OS) and Hyperbolic Tangent Similarity (HTS) as “more robust normalization schemes, [to] capture [holistic semantic similarity more effectively than traditional methods.” Parupudi, V. S. R. (2025). Magnitude Matters: a Superior Class of Similarity Metrics for Holistic Semantic Understanding. arXiv:2509.19323.
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Parupudi concluded that “for a wide range of… NLP applications… paraphrase detection, semantic search, and inference - practitioners can achieve… performance improvement by replacing Cosine Similarity with Overlap Similarity or Hyperbolic Tangent Similarity.”
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Both OS and HTS attempt to introduce, to varying degrees (and with varying efficacy) 1) relational normalization 2) numerical-stability improvement within a bounded range and 3) outlier suppression.
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## Design
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Two-package monorepo:
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